![](\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Bowlerbowling.JPG\")
<\/FONT><\/A>\n\t\t\t\t<\/P>
\n
A ten-pin bowler releases his bowling ball<\/P>
\n
Playing bowls at Tiverton West End Bowling Club, United Kingdom<\/P> Bowling<\/B> is a target sport<\/A> and recreational activity in which a player rolls or throws a bowling ball<\/A> toward pins<\/A> (in pin bowling) or another target (in target bowling). In pin bowling, the goal is to knock over pins<\/A> at the end of a lane, with either two or three balls per frame allowed to knock down all pins. A strike<\/A> is achieved when all the pins are knocked down on the first roll, and a spare is achieved if all the pins are knocked over on a second roll. Lanes have wood or synthetic surfaces onto which protective lubricating oil is applied in different specified oil patterns that vary ball path characteristics. Common types of pin bowling include In target bowling, the aim is usually to get the ball as close to a mark<\/A> as possible. The surface in target bowling may be grass, gravel, or synthetic. <\/A>Bowling is played by 100 million people in more than 90 countries (including 70 million in the United States), and is the subject of many video games. In the U.S. and Canada, the term bowling<\/I> usually refers to ten-pin bowling<\/A>, whereas in the U.K. and Commonwealth countries the term often denotes lawn bowls. Bowling games can be distinguished into two general classes, pin bowling and target bowling. Relative sizes of bowling balls and Candlepin balls are the smallest of the Duckpins are the shortest, and duckpin Ten-pin balls and pins are the heaviest.<\/P> <\/A>Five main Ten-pin Nine-pin Candlepin Duckpin Five-pin Another form of bowling is usually played outdoors on a lawn. At <\/A>Archeologist’s drawing of items found in 1895 in an ancient tomb in Naqada, Egypt, thought to resemble the more modern game of skittles. The archeologist conjectured as to the particular arrangement of the items found.<\/p>\n The earliest known forms of bowling date back to ancient Egypt, with wall drawings depicting bowling being found in a royal Egyptian tomb dated to 5200 B.C. and miniature pins and balls in an Egyptian child’s grave about 5200 B.C. Remnants of bowling balls were found among artifacts in ancient Egypt going back to the Egyptian protodynastic period in 3200 BC. What is thought to be a child’s game involving porphyry (stone) balls, a miniature trilithon, and nine breccia-veined alabaster vase-shaped figures\u2014thought to resemble the more modern game of skittles\u2014was found in Naqada, Egypt in 1895.<\/p>\n Balls were made using the husks of grains, covered in a material such as leather, and bound with string. Other balls made of porcelain have also been found, indicating that these were rolled along the ground rather than thrown due to their size and weight. Some of these resemble the modern day jack used in target bowl games. Bowling games of different forms are also noted by Herodotus as an invention of the Lydians in Asia Minor.<\/p>\n About 2,000 years ago, in the Roman Empire, a similar game evolved between Roman legionaries entailing the tossing of stone objects as close as possible to other stone objects, which eventually evolved into Italian Bocce, or outdoor bowling.<\/p>\n Around 400 AD, bowling began in Germany as a religious ritual to cleanse oneself from sin by rolling a rock into a club (kegel) representing the heathen, resulting in bowlers being called keglers.<\/p>\n In 1299, the oldest-surviving known bowling green for target style bowling was built: Master’s Close (now the Old Bowling Green of the Southampton Bowling Club) in Southampton, England, which is still in use.<\/p>\n In 1325, laws were passed in Berlin and Cologne that limited bets on lawn bowling to five shillings.<\/p>\n In 1366, the first official mention of bowling in England was made, when King Edward III banned it as a distraction to archery practice.<\/p>\n In the 15th-17th centuries, lawn bowling spread from Germany into Austria, Switzerland, and the Low Countries, with playing surfaces made of cinders or baked clay.<\/p>\n In 1455, lawn bowling lanes in London were first roofed-over, turning bowling into an all-weather game. In Germany, they were called kegelbahns, and were often attached to taverns and guest houses.<\/p>\n In 1463, a public feast was held in Frankfurt, Germany<\/A>, with a venison dinner followed by lawn bowling.<\/A> Peasants bowling in front of a tavern The Bowling Game, by Dutch painter Jan Protestant Reformation founder Martin Luther set the number of pins (which varied from 3 to 17) at nine. He had a bowling lane built next to his home for his children, sometimes rolling a ball himself.<\/p>\n On 19 July 1588 English Vice-Admiral Sir Francis Drake allegedly was playing bowls at Plymouth Hoe when the arrival of the Spanish Armada was announced, replying “We have time enough to finish the game and beat the Spaniards too.”<\/p>\n In 1609 Dutch East India Company explorer Henry Hudson discovered Hudson Bay, bringing Dutch colonization to New Amsterdam (later New York); Hudson’s men brought some form of lawn bowling with them.<\/p>\n In 1617 English King James I published Declaration of Sports, banning bowling on Sundays but permitting dancing and archery for those first attending an Anglican service, outraging Puritans; it was reissued in 1633 by his successor Charles I, then ordered publicly burned in 1643 by the Puritan Parliament.<\/p>\n In 1670 Dutchmen liked to bowl at the Old King\u2019s Arms Tavern near modern-day 2nd and Broadway in New York City.<\/p>\n In 1733 Bowling Green in New York City was built on the site of a Dutch cattle market and parade ground, becoming the city’s oldest public park to survive to modern times. <\/A> <\/A> A tongue-in-cheek illustration of a bowling alley, from the cover <\/A>A painting from around In 1819, New York writer Washington <\/A><\/A><\/A><\/A><\/A><\/A><\/A><\/A><\/A> <\/A>On 1 January 1840, Knickerbocker Alleys <\/A>In 1846, the oldest surviving bowling In 1848, the Revolutions In 1848, the Scottish <\/A>In 1864, Glasgow<\/A> <\/A>In 1875, the National Bowling <\/A>Palace In 1880, Justin White of Worcester, In the 1880s, Brunswick <\/A><\/A><\/A><\/A> In the early 1890s, Duckpin In 1903, the English An early bowling tournament (1905; American Bowling Congress; <\/A>In 1903, D. Peifer of Chicago, Illinois In 1905, Rubber <\/A><\/A><\/A> <\/A><\/A>Rules for In September of 1907, the Victorian In 1908, the now-oldest surviving bowling <\/A>In 1909, the first ten-pin bowling alley in Europe was installed in Sweden, but the game failed to catch on in the rest of Europe until after World War II. Meanwhile, ten-pin bowling caught on in Great Britain after hundreds of bowling lanes were installed on U.S. military bases during World War II.<\/A> In 1913, the monthly Bowlers Journal<\/I><\/A> was founded in Chicago, Illinois, continuing to publish to the present day. In late 1916, the Women’s Side-by-side duckpin<\/A> <\/A>In 1920-1933 <\/A>On 2 October, 1921, the annual Petersen <\/A>In 1926, the <\/A>On 21 March, 1934, the National Bowling <\/A>In August of 1939, the National In 1942, the Bowling Proprietors Association of America (BPAA) In 1947, the Australian <\/A>On 18 April, 1948, the Professional <\/A><\/A> About 1950, the Golden Age of Ten-Pin Bowling began, in which In 1951, the first ABC In 1952, the Fédération In 1952, American <\/A><\/A>In 1954, Steve Dick Earl Buzz Fazio (1965)<\/P> In 1958, the Professional On 28 November, 1960, the first PBA In 1960, the Professional In 1960, the National <\/A><\/A> In 1962, the first PBA <\/A>In 1962, the American Wheelchair Bowling <\/A>Between 3 and 10 November, 1963, the <\/A><\/A>On 25 In 1964, "Mr. Bowling" Don In 1964, Marion In 1965, the AMF On 27 January, 1967, the Japan In 1971, the BPAA All-Star tournament was renamed the BPAA <\/A>In 1978, National Negro Bowling <\/A>On 16 December, 1979, Willie Willis won On 27 February, 1982, Earl <\/A>In 1982, the Young American Bowling In 1982, the 1982 <\/A>On 1 July, 1982, former PBA pro Glenn On 22 November, 1986, George On 18 September, 1988, the 1988 On 2 August, 1991, in Havana,<\/FONT><\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\n
\n<\/P>
\n
\n<\/P>
\n
\nten-pin<\/A>,
\ncandlepin<\/A>,
\nduckpin<\/A>,
\nnine-pin<\/A>,
\nand five-pin bowling<\/A>.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nBowls<\/A>, skittles<\/A>, kegel<\/A>, bocce<\/A>, carpet bowls<\/A>, pétanque<\/A>, and boules<\/A> have both indoor and outdoor varieties.
\n<\/P>
\n
\n<\/P>
\n
\n<\/P><\/p>\n<\/A>Variations<\/H2>
\n
\n<\/P>
\n<\/A>Pin bowling<\/H3>
\n<\/FONT><\/A><\/P>
\n
\npins for three popular variations of the game.
Scale:
\nthe horizontal blue lines are one inch (2.5 cm) apart
\nvertically.<\/FONT><\/P>
\n<\/FONT><\/A><\/P>
\n
\nthree, but candlepins are tallest and thinnest<\/P>
\n<\/FONT><\/A><\/P>
\n
\nballs are barely larger than candlepin balls<\/P>
\n<\/FONT><\/A><\/P>
\n
\n
\nvariations are found in North
\nAmerica<\/A>, with ten-pin being the most common but others being
\npracticed in the eastern U.S. and in parts of Canada<\/A>:<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\n\t
\n\tbowling<\/A>: largest and heaviest pins, and bowled with a large ball
\n\twith three finger holes, and the most popular type in North America
\n\t<\/P>
\n\t
\n\tbowling<\/A>: pins usually attached to strings at the tops, uses a
\n\tball without finger holes.
\n\t<\/P>
\n\t
\n\tbowling<\/A>: tallest pins (at 40 cm or 16 in), thin with
\n\tmatching ends, bowled with the smallest and lightest (at 1.1 kg
\n\tor 2.4 lb) handheld ball of any bowling sport, and the only
\n\tform with no<\/I> fallen pins removed during a frame.
\n\t<\/P>
\n\t
\n\tbowling<\/A>: short, squat, and bowled with a handheld ball.
\n\t<\/P>
\n\t
\n\tbowling<\/A>: tall, between duckpins and candlepins in diameter with
\n\ta rubber girdle, bowled with a handheld ball, mostly found in
\n\tCanada.<\/P>
\n<\/UL>
\n<\/A>Target bowling<\/H3>
\n
\noutdoor bowling, the players throw a ball, which is sometimes
\neccentrically weighted, in an attempt to put it closest to a
\ndesignated point or slot in the bowling arena.
\n<\/P>
\n<\/A>History<\/H2>
\n<\/A>Ancient history<\/H3>
\n<\/FONT><\/A>
\n<\/P>
\nPost-classical history<\/h3>\n
\n<\/P>
\n<\/A>Modern history<\/H3>
\n<\/A>In
\nthe 16th to 18th centuries<\/H4>
\n<\/FONT><\/A><\/P>
\n
\nin the 17th century<\/P>
\n<\/FONT><\/A><\/P>
\n
\nSteen<\/A>, c. 1655. Many Dutch
\nGolden Age paintings<\/A> depicted bowling.<\/P>
\nIn 1511 English King Henry VIII was an avid bowler. He banned bowling for the lower classes and imposed a levy for private lanes to limit them to the wealthy. Another English law, passed in 1541 (repealed in 1845), prohibited workers from bowling, except at Christmas, and only in their master’s home and in his presence. In 1530 he acquired Whitehall Palace in central London as his new residence, having it extensively rebuilt complete with outdoor bowling lanes, indoor tennis court, jousting tiltyard, and cockfighting pit.<\/p>\n
\n<\/A>In the 19th
\ncentury<\/H4>
\n<\/FONT><\/A><\/P>
\n
\nThis early (1820) newspaper advertisement in Indiana touts a "Ball
\nand Ten Pin Alley" to attract customers to a Baking and
\nConfectionary Business.<\/A><\/P>
\n<\/FONT><\/A><\/P>
\n
\nAn 1838 Indiana newspaper describes how ten-pin bowling alleys were
\nconstructed to evade a Baltimore<\/A>
\nstatute prohibiting nine-pin bowling.<\/A><\/P>
\n<\/FONT><\/A><\/P>
\n
\nof Harpers
\nWeekly<\/I><\/A> magazine (U.S., 1860)<\/P>
\n
\n1810 shows British bowlers playing a bowling sport outdoors. It shows
\na triangular formation of ten pins chronologically before it appeared
\nin the United States.<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nIrving<\/A> made the first mention of ninepin bowling in American
\nliterature in his story Rip
\nVan Winkle<\/A>.<\/I>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nNewspaper articles and advertisements at least as early as 1820<\/A>
\nrefer to "ten pin alleys", usually in the context of a side
\nattraction to a main business or
\nproperty<\/A><\/A><\/A><\/A><\/A><\/A><\/A><\/A>
\nas distinguished from dedicated "bowling alley"
\nestablishments as presently understood.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nin New York City opened, becoming the first indoor bowling
\nalley<\/A>.<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nlanes in the United
\nStates<\/A> were built as part of Roseland
\nCottage<\/A>, the summer estate of Henry Chandler Bowen (1831-1896) in
\nWoodstock,
\nConnecticut<\/A>. The lanes, now part of Historic New England’s
\nRoseland Cottage House Museum contain Gothic Revival architectural
\nelements in keeping with the style of the entire estate.<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nof 1848<\/A> resulted in accelerated German immigration to the U.S.,
\nreaching 5 million by 1900, bringing their love of beer and bowling
\nwith them; by the late 19th century they made New York City a center
\nof bowling.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nBowling Association<\/A> for lawn bowling was founded in Scotland by
\n200 clubs; it was dissolved then refounded in 1892.
\n<\/P>
\n
\ncotton merchant William Wallace Mitchell (1803–84) published
\nManual of Bowls Playing<\/I>, which became a standard reference for
\nlawn bowling in Scotland.<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nAssociation (NBA) was founded by 27 local clubs in New York City to
\nstandardize rules for ten-pin bowling, setting the ball size and the
\ndistance between the foul line and the pins, but failing to agree on
\nother rules; it was superseded in 1895 by the American
\nBowling Congress<\/A>.<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n<\/FONT><\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nBowling Alleys in the Music Hall in Pawtucket Rhode Island, circa<\/I>
\n1895.<\/A><\/P>
\n
\nMassachusetts<\/A> invented Candlepin
\nBowling<\/A>.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nCorporation<\/A> (founded 1845) of Chicago<\/A>,
\nIllinois<\/A>, maker
\nof billiard tables began making bowling balls, pins, and wooden lanes
\nto sell to taverns installing bowling alleys.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nOn 9 September 1895, the modern standardized rules for ten-pin
\nbowling were established in New
\nYork City<\/A> by the new American Bowling Congress (ABC) (later the
\nUnited States Bowling Congress), who changed the scoring system from
\na maximum 200 points for 20 balls to a maximum 300 points for 12
\nballs, and set the maximum ball weight at 16 lb (7.3 kg),
\nand pin distance at 12 in (30 cm). The first ABC champion
\n(1906-1921) was Jimmy Smith (1885-1948).<\/A>
\nIn 1927 Mrs. Floretta "Doty" McCutcheon (1888-1967)
\ndefeated Smith in an exhibition match, founding a school that taught
\n500,000 women how to bowl.<\/A><\/A><\/A>
\nIn 1993 women were allowed to join the ABC. In 2005 the ABC merged
\nwith the Women’s International Bowling Congress (WIBC) et al. to
\nbecome the United States Bowling Congress (USBC).
\n<\/P>
\n
\nbowling<\/A> was invented in Boston,
\nMassachusetts<\/A>, spreading to Baltimore,
\nMaryland<\/A> about 1899.
\n<\/P>
\n<\/A>In the 20th
\ncentury<\/H4>
\n
\nBowling Association<\/A> was founded by cricketer W.
\nG. Grace<\/A>. On 1 January 2008, it merged with the English Women’s
\nBowling Association to become Bowls England.
\n<\/P>
\n<\/FONT><\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nMilwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S.)<\/P>
\n
\ninvented a handicap method for bowling.<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nDuckpin bowling<\/A> was invented by Willam Wuerthele of Pittsburgh,
\nPennsylvania<\/A>, catching on in Quebec,
\nCanada<\/A>.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nThe ABC initially used bowling balls made of Lignum
\nvitae<\/A> hardwood from the Caribbean<\/A>,
\nwhich were eventually supplanted by the Ebonite<\/A>
\nrubber bowling ball in 1905 and the Brunswick<\/A>
\nMineralite rubber ball<\/A>
\nby 1909.<\/A>
\nColumbia
\nIndustries<\/A>, founded in 1960, was the first manufacturer to
\nsuccessfully use polyester resin ("plastic") in bowling
\nballs.<\/A>
\nIn 1980, urethane-shell bowling balls were introduced by Ebonite.
\n<\/P>
\n
\ntarget bowls evolved separately in each of the other countries that
\nadopted the predominantly British game. In 1905, the International
\nBowling Board was formed;<\/A>
\nits constitution adopted the laws of the Scottish Bowling
\nAssociation, with variations allowed at the individual country
\nlevel.<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nLadies’ Bowling Association<\/A> was founded in Melbourne,
\nVictoria, Australia<\/A>, becoming the world’s first women’s lawn
\nbowling association.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nalley<\/A> for the tenpin sport was opened in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in
\nthe basement of the Holler
\nHouse<\/A> tavern, containing the oldest sanctioned<\/A>
\nlanes in the United States.
\n<\/P>
\n
\n<\/P>
\n
\n<\/P>
\n
\nInternational Bowling Congress<\/A> (originally the Woman’s National
\nBowling Association) was founded in Saint
\nLouis, Missouri<\/A>, merging with the United States Bowling Congress
\nin 2005.
\n<\/P>
\n<\/FONT><\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nand ten-pin<\/A>
\nbowling lanes. The duckpin ball has no finger holes, whereas the
\nten-pin bowling balls of the day (photo circa<\/I> 1919) had only a
\nsingle finger hole in addition to a thumb hole.<\/P>
\n
\nProhibition<\/A>
\nin the U.S. caused bowling alleys to disassociate from saloons,
\nturning bowling into a family game and encouraging women bowlers.[36]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nOpen Bowling Tournament (a.k.a. The Pete) was first held in Chicago,
\nIllinois, becoming bowling’s richest tournament of the day. In 1998,
\nit was taken over by AMF.[43]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nInternational Bowling Association (IBA) was formed by the United
\nStates, Sweden, Germany, Netherlands, and Finland, holding four world
\nchampionships by 1936.[11]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nWriters Association was founded in Peoria,
\nIllinois<\/A>, by four bowling journalists; it changed its name in
\n1953 to the Bowling Writers Association of America.[44]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nNegro Bowling Association was founded in Detroit<\/A>,
\nMichigan<\/A>,
\ndropping Negro from the title in 1944 and opening membership to all
\nraces. It reached 30,000 members in 2007.[45]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nheld its first BPAA All-Star tournament.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nWomen’s Bowling Council<\/A> was founded. It held the first Australian
\nwomen’s national lawn bowling championship in Sydney<\/A>
\nin 1949, which was won by Mrs. R. Cranley of Queensland<\/A>.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nWomen Bowling Writers (PWBW) was founded in Dallas,
\nTexas<\/A>, admitting men in 1975. On 1 January, 2007, it merged with
\nthe Bowling Writers Association of America.[46]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nIn 1950, following extensive lobbying by civil rights groups in the
\nwake of the 1947 integration of Major
\nLeague Baseball<\/A>, the American Bowling Congress opened its
\nmembership to African Americans and other minorities.[47]<\/A>
\nThe WIBC followed suit the following year.[45]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nprofessional bowlers made salaries rivaling those of baseball,
\nfootball, and hockey players; this ended in the late 1970s.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nMasters<\/A> tournament was held, becoming one of the four majors by
\n2000.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nInternationale des Quilleurs (FIQ)<\/A> was founded in Hamburg,
\nGermany<\/A>, to coordinate international amateur competition in
\nnine-pin and ten-pin bowling. In 1954, the first FIQ World Bowling
\nChampionships were held in Helsinki,
\nFinland<\/A>. In 1979, the International
\nOlympic Committee<\/A> recognized it as the official world governing
\nbody for bowling. It changed its name to World Bowling in 2014.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nMachine and Foundry<\/A> (AMF) of Brooklyn,
\nN.Y.<\/A>, began marketing automatic Pinsetter<\/A>
\nmachines. This eliminated the need for pinboys and caused bowling to
\nrocket in popularity, making the 1950s the Decade of the Bowler.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nNagy (1913-1966) became the first person to bowl a perfect 300 game
\non TV on NBC-TV’s "Championship Bowling".[48]<\/A>[49]<\/A>
\nThe PBA later named its sportsmanship award after him.
\n<\/P>
\n<\/FONT><\/A><\/P>
\n
\nWeber<\/A> (1986)<\/P>
\n<\/FONT><\/A><\/P>
\n
\nAnthony<\/A> (1979)<\/P>
\n<\/FONT><\/A><\/P>
\n
\n
\nBowlers Association<\/A> (PBA) was founded in Akron,
\nOhio<\/A> by 33 prominent bowlers (including Don
\nCarter<\/A>, Dick
\nWeber<\/A>, Dick
\nHoover<\/A>, Buzz
\nFazio<\/A>, Billy
\nWelu<\/A>, Carmen
\nSalvino<\/A> and Glenn
\nAllison<\/A>) after they listened to a presentation by sports agent
\nEddie Elias<\/A>.
\nThe PBA eventually reached about 4,300 members in 14 countries
\nworldwide. In 1975, Earl
\nAnthony<\/A> became the first PBA member with $100,000 yearly
\nearnings, and the first to reach $1,000,000 total earnings in 1982.
\nIn 2000, it was purchased by former executives of Microsoft<\/A>,
\nwho moved the PBA headquarters to Seattle,
\nWashington<\/A>.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nChampionship<\/A> in Memphis,
\nTennessee<\/A> was won by Don
\nCarter<\/A>. It was renamed the PBA World Championship in 2002, and
\nnow awarded the Earl Anthony Trophy to the winner.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nWomen’s Bowling Association<\/A> (PWBA) was founded as the first
\nprofessional women’s bowling association; it went defunct in 2003.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nBowling League<\/A> (NBL) was founded to compete with the PBA. It
\nattracted name players such as Billy
\nWelu<\/A> and Buzz
\nFazio<\/A>, but failed to sign top star Don
\nCarter<\/A>. The league’s failure to get a TV contract caused it to
\nfold following its first championship in 1962.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nOn 27 January, 1962,[50]<\/A>
\nABC
\nTelevision<\/A> aired its first Saturday
\nafternoon broadcast<\/A> of a PBA Tour event, the Empire State Open
\nheld at Redwood Lanes in Albany,
\nNew York<\/A>,[51]<\/A>
\nbeginning a partnership between ABC and the PBA that lasted through
\n1997. The Saturday afternoon bowling telecasts garnered very good
\nratings through the early 1980s, until the cable television-fueled
\nexplosion of sports viewing choices caused ratings to decline.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nTournament of Champions<\/A> was held; it became an annual event in
\n1965, and was sponsored by Firestone
\nTire<\/A> from 1965 through 1993.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nAssociation (AWBA) was founded in Louisville,
\nKentucky<\/A>, by Richard F. Carlson.[52]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nFifth FIQ World Bowling Championships in Mexico
\nCity, Mexico<\/A>, were attended by 132 men and 45 women (first time)
\nfrom 19 nations. It featured the debut of Team USA, which won seven
\nof the eight gold medals.[53]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nNovember, 1963, Sports
\nIllustrated<\/I><\/A> published the article A Guy Named Smith Is
\nStriking It Rich<\/I>, revealing that PBA stars made more money than
\nother professional sports stars, for "with more than $1 million
\nin prizes to shoot for, the nation’s top professional bowlers are
\nrolling in money."[54]<\/A>
\nThis was short-lived, however, for although the number of bowling
\nalleys in the U.S. zoomed from 65,000 in 1957 to 160,000 in 1962, the
\nU.S. bowling industry boom hit a brick wall in 1963. This was
\ncompensated, however, by a new boom in Europe and Japan, making
\n10-pin bowling an international sport.[55]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nCarter<\/A> became the first athlete to sign a $1 million endorsement
\ncontract: a multi-year deal with Ebonite
\nInternational<\/A>.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nLadewig<\/A>, a 9-time winner of the Bowling Writers Association of
\nAmerica’s Female Bowler of the Year Award, became the first Superior
\nPerformance inductee into the WIBC Hall of Fame.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nBowling World Cup<\/A> was established by the FIQ.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nProfessional Bowling Association<\/A> (JPBA) was founded in Tokyo,
\nJapan<\/A>.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nU.S. Open<\/A>, and officially became one of the PBA’s major
\ntournaments.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nAssociation pioneer J. Elmer Reed (1903–83) became the first
\nAfrican-American to be inducted into the ABC Hall of Fame.[56]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nthe Brunswick National Resident Pro Tournament in Charlotte,
\nNorth Carolina<\/A>, becoming the first African-American bowling
\nchampion in the PBA in a non-touring event. In 1980, he became the
\nfirst African-American in the Firestone Tournament of Champions,
\nplacing 13th.[57]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nAnthony<\/A> won the Toledo Trust PBA National Championship, becoming
\nthe first bowler to reach $1 million in career earnings.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nAlliance was formed from a merger of the American Junior Bowling
\nCongress, the Youth Bowling Association, and the collegiate divisions
\nof the ABC and WIBC.[58]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nCommonwealth Games<\/A> in Brisbane,
\nAustralia<\/A>, added women’s bowls to the events.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nAllison<\/A> rolled the first 900
\nseries<\/A> (three consecutive 300 games in a three-game set) to ever
\nbe submitted to the ABC for award consideration. The ABC, however,
\nrefused to certify the score, citing non-complying lane
\nconditions.[59]<\/A>
\n<\/P>
\n
\nBranham III<\/A> (born 1962) became the first African-American to win
\na PBA national touring event: the Brunswick Memorial World Open in
\nChicago, Illinois.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nSummer Olympics<\/A> in Seoul,
\nSouth Korea<\/A>, featured ten-pin bowling as a demonstration sport.
\n<\/P>
\n
\nCuba<\/A>, tenpin bowling became an international medal-level sport
\nfor the first time at the 1991
\nPan American Games<\/A>, and continues
\nto this day<\/A>.
\n<\/P>
\n